Grapefruit Seed Extract

What is it?

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a substance extracted from grapefruit seeds.

GSE has been shown to exert significant antibiotic effects in test tube studies.¹ ² However, one study concluded that these effects were due to the chemical preservatives used to stabilise the grapefruit seed extract rather than to any particular compound found in the extract.³

Human research using grapefruit seed extract is very limited. In one study, 25 patients with symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome such as intermittent diarrhoea, constipation, flatulence, bloating, and abdominal discomfort were treated with either 2 drops of a 0.5% oral solution of grapefruit seed extract twice daily or 150 mg of encapsulated grapefruit seed extract three times daily.⁴ After one month, symptoms had improved in 20% of those taking the liquid, while all of the patients taking capsules noted definite improvement of constipation, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, and night rest. These results need confirmation in double-blind studies.

Where is it found?

Grapefruit seed extract is available in liquid concentrate and in capsules and tablets.

Grapefruit seed extract has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):

Science Ratings	Health Concerns
	Irritable bowel syndrome
Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit. Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit. For a herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.

Who is likely to be deficient?

Grapefruit seed extract is not an essential nutrient and no deficiency states have been reported.

How much is usually taken?

The typical recommendation for the liquid concentrate is 10–12 drops in 6–7 ounces of water one to three times daily. For capsules and tablets containing dried grapefruit seed extract, the usual recommendation is 100–200 mg one to three times daily.

Are there any side effects or interactions?

No side effects are known. The effects of grapefruit seed extract during pregnancy and breast-feeding have not been sufficiently evaluated.

At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with grapefruit seed extract.

References
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1. Ionescu G, Kiehl R, Wichmann-Kunz F, et al. Oral citrus seed extract in atopic eczema: in vitro and in vivo studies on intestinal microflora. J Orthomol Med 1990;5:155-8.

2. Xiong H, Li Y, Slavik MF, Walker J. Spraying chicken skin with selected chemicals to reduce attached Salmonella typhimurium. J Food Prot 1998;61:272-5.

3. von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, et al. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie 1999;54:452-6.

4. Ionescu G, Kiehl R, Wichmann-Kunz F, et al. Oral citrus seed extract in atopic eczema: in vitro and in vivo studies on intestinal microflora. J Orthomol Med 1990;5:155-8.

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The information presented in Healthnotes is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or chemist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires March 2007.

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